path: root/boot/lower.c

/*
 * lowering pass to create an ir from a catskill source tree.
 *
 * the idea is to fully de-sugar a catskill source file
 * into an ir that can be very easily re-expressed into
 * a low-level language, like our transpilation target, c.
 *
 * the lowering pass is itself split into two passes, one
 * initial pass, which collects all top-level type & function
 * declarations to build up a table of all available language objects,
 * and then a second pass going over each function body.
 * this de-couples usage of the functions and types from their ordering
 * allowing for more free-flowing files than c would allow.
 *
 * additionally, we handle type dependencies by collecting every
 * direct reference a type has to another, and topologically
 * sort the types to create the correct ordering of them,
 * pointing out any unbreakable cycles to the user as they come up.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2026, Mel G. <mel@rnrd.eu>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 */

#pragma once

#include "catboot.h"

void
lower_emit_error(struct Unit* unit, struct Span span, struct String message)
{
    struct Diagnostic d = {
        .severity = DIAGNOSTIC_ERROR,
        .span = span,
        .message = message,
    };
    array_push(&unit->diagnostics, &d);
    unit->had_error = true;
}

void
lower_emit_error_c(struct Unit* unit, struct Span span, const ascii* message)
{
    lower_emit_error(unit, span, string_from_c_string(message));
}

bool
lower_type_lookup_by_name(struct Unit* unit, struct String name, Type_Id* out_id)
{
    FOR_EACH_ARRAY(struct Type_Name_To_Id, mapping, &unit->types.by_name, {
        if (string_equals(mapping.name, name)) {
            *out_id = mapping.id;
            return true;
        }
    })
    return false;
}

bool
lower_function_lookup_by_name(struct Unit* unit, struct String name, Function_Id* out_id)
{
    FOR_EACH_ARRAY(struct Function_Name_To_Id, mapping, &unit->functions.by_name, {
        if (string_equals(mapping.name, name)) {
            *out_id = mapping.id;
            return true;
        }
    })
    return false;
}

Type_Id
lower_seed_primitive(struct Unit* unit, const ascii* name)
{
    Type_Id id = array_length(&unit->types.entries);
    struct String name_str = string_from_static_c_string(name);
    struct Type* type = type_new(id, TYPE_PRIMITIVE, name_str, span_empty());
    array_push(&unit->types.entries, &type);

    struct Type_Name_To_Id mapping = { .name = name_str, .id = id };
    array_push(&unit->types.by_name, &mapping);

    return id;
}

// turns a tree-side type expression into an ir Type_Ref. for now this only
// resolves simple named types (primitives + user-named types already in the
// table); compound and structural shapes get deferred to later commits.
struct Type_Ref
lower_intern_type_ref(struct Unit* unit, struct Tree_Type* tree_type)
{
    struct Type_Ref ref = {
        .type_id = unit->types.primitive_void_id,
        .mods = array_new(enum Type_Modifier, 4),
    };

    if (!tree_type || tree_type->type == TREE_TYPE_NONE) return ref;

    switch (tree_type->type) {
    case TREE_TYPE_NAME: {
        Type_Id id;
        if (lower_type_lookup_by_name(unit, tree_type->value.name.name, &id)) {
            ref.type_id = id;
        } else {
            lower_emit_error(
                unit, tree_type->span,
                string_concatenate(
                    ARG_ASCII, "undefined type '", ARG_STRING, tree_type->value.name.name,
                    ARG_ASCII, "'", ARG_END));
        }
        return ref;
    }
    default:
        // compound types (T?, [T], (T1, T2), &T, etc.) arrive in a later commit.
        lower_emit_error_c(
            unit, tree_type->span, "unimplemented: only simple named types are supported for now");
        return ref;
    }
}

void
lower_declare_function(
    struct Unit* unit, struct String name, struct Tree_Expression* fn_expr, struct Span span)
{
    Function_Id existing;
    if (lower_function_lookup_by_name(unit, name, &existing)) {
        lower_emit_error(
            unit, span,
            string_concatenate(
                ARG_ASCII, "duplicate function '", ARG_STRING, name, ARG_ASCII, "'", ARG_END));
        return;
    }

    Function_Id id = array_length(&unit->functions.entries);
    struct Function* fn = function_new(id, name);

    fn->is_main = string_equals_c_str(name, "main");
    fn->return_type = lower_intern_type_ref(unit, fn_expr->value.function.header.return_type);
    fn->params = array_new(struct Param, 16);

    bool variadic = false;
    FOR_EACH (
        struct Tree_Type*, param_type, fn_expr->value.function.header.parameters_type_and_name) {
        struct Param p = {
            .name = param_type->value_name,
            .type = lower_intern_type_ref(unit, param_type),
        };
        array_push(&fn->params, &p);
        if (param_type->variadic) variadic = true;
    }
    fn->variadic = variadic;
    fn->main_takes_args = fn->is_main && array_length(&fn->params) > 0;
    fn->ast_body = &fn_expr->value.function.body;
    fn->body = nil;

    array_push(&unit->functions.entries, &fn);

    struct Function_Name_To_Id mapping = { .name = name, .id = id };
    array_push(&unit->functions.by_name, &mapping);
}

// extract `name = fun (...) ret { ... }` from a top-level statement,
// or return false if it's not that shape.
bool
lower_match_function_decl(
    struct Tree_Statement* stmt, struct String* out_name, struct Tree_Expression** out_fn_expr)
{
    if (stmt->kind != TREE_STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) return false;
    struct Tree_Expression* expr = stmt->value.expression.inner;
    if (!expr || expr->kind != TREE_EXPRESSION_BINARY_OPERATION) return false;
    if (expr->value.binary_operator.operation != BINARY_ASSIGN) return false;

    struct Tree_Expression* lhs = expr->value.binary_operator.left_operand;
    struct Tree_Expression* rhs = expr->value.binary_operator.right_operand;
    if (!lhs || lhs->kind != TREE_EXPRESSION_NAME) return false;
    if (!rhs || rhs->kind != TREE_EXPRESSION_FUNCTION) return false;

    *out_name = lhs->value.name.name;
    *out_fn_expr = rhs;
    return true;
}

bool
lower_match_type_decl(struct Tree_Statement* stmt)
{
    if (stmt->kind != TREE_STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) return false;
    struct Tree_Expression* expr = stmt->value.expression.inner;
    if (!expr || expr->kind != TREE_EXPRESSION_BINARY_OPERATION) return false;
    if (expr->value.binary_operator.operation != BINARY_ASSIGN) return false;

    struct Tree_Expression* lhs = expr->value.binary_operator.left_operand;
    struct Tree_Expression* rhs = expr->value.binary_operator.right_operand;
    if (!lhs || lhs->kind != TREE_EXPRESSION_NAME) return false;
    if (!rhs || rhs->kind != TREE_EXPRESSION_TYPE) return false;

    return true;
}

// pass 1 walks every top-level statement and collects declarations into
// the unit's tables. function bodies stay as raw ast for pass 2 to lower.
void
lower_pass_1(struct Unit* unit, struct Tree* tree)
{
    FOR_EACH (struct Tree_Statement*, stmt, tree->top_level_statements) {
        struct String name;
        struct Tree_Expression* fn_expr;
        if (lower_match_function_decl(stmt, &name, &fn_expr)) {
            lower_declare_function(unit, name, fn_expr, stmt->span);
            continue;
        }

        if (lower_match_type_decl(stmt)) {
            lower_emit_error_c(unit, stmt->span, "unimplemented: type declarations");
            continue;
        }

        if (stmt->kind == TREE_STATEMENT_PRAGMA) {
            lower_emit_error_c(unit, stmt->span, "unimplemented: top-level pragmas");
            continue;
        }

        lower_emit_error_c(unit, stmt->span, "unsupported top-level statement");
    }
}

void
lower_tree(struct Tree* tree, struct Source_File source, struct Unit* unit)
{
    (void)source;

    unit->types.entries = array_new(struct Type*, 256);
    unit->types.by_hash = array_new(struct Type_Hash_To_Id, 256);
    unit->types.by_name = array_new(struct Type_Name_To_Id, 256);

    unit->functions.entries = array_new(struct Function*, 256);
    unit->functions.by_name = array_new(struct Function_Name_To_Id, 256);

    unit->imports = array_new(struct Import, 32);
    unit->type_emission_order = array_new(Type_Id, 256);
    unit->had_error = false;
    unit->diagnostics = array_new(struct Diagnostic, 64);

    unit->types.primitive_int_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "int");
    unit->types.primitive_uint_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "uint");
    unit->types.primitive_bool_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "bool");
    unit->types.primitive_string_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "string");
    unit->types.primitive_float_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "float");
    unit->types.primitive_byte_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "byte");
    unit->types.primitive_ascii_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "ascii");
    unit->types.primitive_void_id = lower_seed_primitive(unit, "void");

    if (tree) lower_pass_1(unit, tree);
}